{"id":2279,"date":"2021-11-09T01:42:43","date_gmt":"2021-11-09T01:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sudlatnid.com\/wp\/?p=2279"},"modified":"2021-11-09T01:48:07","modified_gmt":"2021-11-09T01:48:07","slug":"how-to-maintain-a-healthy-brain-psyche-guides","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/?p=2279","title":{"rendered":"How to maintain a healthy brain | Psyche Guides"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"styled__Container-sc-1ojdm6l-0 fflZmR\">\n<div class=\"styled__Thumbnail-sc-1ojdm6l-6 jQmDWW\">\n<div class=\"styled__ThumbnailWrapper-sc-1ojdm6l-7 lbHuhg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/sudlatnid.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1500x1500.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1440px) 720px, (min-width: 640px) 50vw, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nu.aeon.co\/images\/cabdacd8-6576-4607-86fa-7df1c70ba54e\/300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nu.aeon.co\/images\/cabdacd8-6576-4607-86fa-7df1c70ba54e\/600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/omicron.aeon.co\/images\/cabdacd8-6576-4607-86fa-7df1c70ba54e\/900x900.jpg 900w, https:\/\/omicron.aeon.co\/images\/cabdacd8-6576-4607-86fa-7df1c70ba54e\/1200x1200.jpg 1200w, http:\/\/sudlatnid.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1500x1500.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/omicron.aeon.co\/images\/cabdacd8-6576-4607-86fa-7df1c70ba54e\/1800x1800.jpg 1800w\" alt=\"How to maintain a healthy brain | Psyche\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" \/> Adopt these lifestyle changes and you will not only sharpen your mind today but also reduce your risk of dementia later on<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"styled__Author-sc-1ojdm6l-3 drQEOy\">by Kailas Roberts<\/p>\n<p><em>Photo by Peter Kovalev\/Tass\/Getty<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"guides__SectionsContainer-sc-7e76ri-0 cCvTJw\">\n<section class=\"styled__Container-sc-c0tvtb-0 ignfeO GUIDE\">\n<div class=\"rah-static rah-static--height-zero SidebarWrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"styled__Sidebar-sc-c0tvtb-4 bToHqu\">\n<div class=\"styled__Container-sc-u6xv4w-0 iJNkyh styled__AuthorBio-sc-c0tvtb-5 isQpRs\">\n<div>\n<p><a class=\"styled__Container-sc-1i62dhk-0 fXVbsA styled__AuthorLink-sc-u6xv4w-1 llIelB\" href=\"https:\/\/psyche.co\/users\/kailas-roberts\">Kailas Roberts <\/a>is a psychiatrist and specialist in brain health working in private practice in Australia. He is the author of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uqp.com.au\/books\/mind-your-brain-the-essential-australian-guide-to-dementia\"><em>Mind Your Brain: The Essential Australian Guide to Dementia<\/em><\/a> (2021). He is also the creator of BrainScan, a soon-to-be-released phone app that helps users optimise their brain function.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"styled__EditorCredit-sc-c0tvtb-6 bxdjfm\">Edited by <a class=\"styled__Container-sc-1i62dhk-0 fXVbsA\" href=\"https:\/\/psyche.co\/users\/christian-jarrett-2\">Christian Jarrett<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"styled__Container-sc-1lsjxmc-0 dEeeUJ styled__SectionHeading-sc-c0tvtb-2 kFxNSP section-heading\" data-guide-section-number=\"1\"><span class=\"styled__Strong-sc-1lsjxmc-1 hPfBlH\">Need to know <\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p>Over the past 100 years, the average lifespan has almost doubled. At the turn of the <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">20th century,<\/span> in the industrialised West, you could expect to live until your 40s, on average. In the modern-day United States (and the figures are similar for other Western nations), the typical man can anticipate remaining on this Earth until he is 75. If you\u2019re a woman, you can expect a few more years.<\/p>\n<p>Although this is obviously a welcome development \u2013 largely brought about by improvements in healthcare and the defeat of infectious diseases \u2013 it is a double-edged sword. The body could well keep going throughout all these decades, but the brain might not; and, if you are left able-bodied but with a permanently compromised brain, then you will be in an unenviable position. Such is the concern that a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dementiastatistics.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/ALZ_DAM_short-Report_21_LR-WEB_FINAL2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">survey<\/a> by Alzheimer\u2019s Research UK showed that, for almost half of the respondents, dementia is the condition they fear the most, rising to more than <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">60 per<\/span> cent among those aged over 65.<\/p>\n<p>I have worked in the area of brain health for almost <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">20 years<\/span> in my role as a psychiatrist, and one of my major areas of interest is dementia (a progressive loss of brain function due to an illness, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease). I\u2019ve come to believe that everyone should be thinking about their brain health much earlier than the age of 65. That\u2019s because there are ways to substantially reduce your risk of dementia and cognitive impairment, and the earlier you address problematic lifestyle choices and health conditions, the more successful you are likely to be.<\/p>\n<p>Avoiding dementia is only one consideration, however. Of equal importance is optimising brain function throughout your lifespan \u2013 allowing this vital organ to function at its best in the many decades before dementia becomes most relevant. Doing this will help you enjoy greater productivity, happiness and life satisfaction.<\/p>\n<p class=\"subheading\"><strong>Ageing changes the brain, but it\u2019s not all bad news<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When considering ways to optimise your brain health, it\u2019s useful to be aware of the forces acting in the opposite direction. In general, the brain fails for a number of reasons:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When it does not receive optimal fuel for growth and maintenance \u2013 both in the form of oxygen and vital nutrients. This could be due to diminished blood supply or an inadequate nutrient consumption.<\/li>\n<li>Through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5829048\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">accumulation<\/a> of \u2018debris\u2019. Debris builds up in the brain over time as a byproduct of metabolic processes, and its presence is magnified by things we do and don\u2019t do with our lives. This debris can be inflammatory in nature \u2013 ie, produced as a response to a perceived threat to the brain \u2013 and this inflammation accelerates with age \u2013 a process <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomedgerontology\/article\/69\/Suppl_1\/S4\/587037\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">known<\/a> creatively as <em>inflammaging.<\/em> Inflammation underpins multiple chronic health conditions including dementia.<\/li>\n<li>When it is damaged by physical injury. Even relatively innocuous events, such as heading a soccer ball can, if frequent enough, cause long-lasting cognitive problems (more on this in the next section).<\/li>\n<li>Through lack of training. The brain, like a muscle, can be trained. Unfortunately, just as our bodily muscles wither if we don\u2019t use them, this also means a lack of training and mental activity can lead to a loss of cognitive function and brain failure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The longer you live, the more time there is for these forces acting against brain health to accumulate. So what does that mean for the ageing brain, even one that manages to avoid injury or illness? Well, there is good news and bad.<\/p>\n<p>The bad news is that you should anticipate some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4015335\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">decline<\/a> in \u2018brain-power\u2019 as you grow older, potentially as early as your 30s:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Forgetfulness can occur, but perhaps the most obvious problem is a loss of processing speed. I\u2019m in my mid-40s and can definitely attest to this. I can usually get to the right answer in the end, but it takes me longer. Playing quick-fire trivia with my teenage son is a lost cause.<\/li>\n<li>There is also a deterioration in \u2018executive skills\u2019 with age, including those governed by the prefrontal cortex (at the front of the brain), which can compromise your ability to plan and organise yourself, and to solve complex problems. Again, this is worse when you are under pressure of time. These changes in cognition are correlated with changes in the brain \u2013 shrinkage (which is a proxy of neuronal loss) \u2013 and changes in blood supply.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The good news is that certain cognitive skills do not decline drastically with age: your vocabulary and language ability are likely to remain relatively intact (aside from more \u2018tip of the tongue\u2019 moments probably related to our slowed processing speed). Likewise, your visuospatial skills will probably survive well with ageing. These enable you to know where you are in relation to other things in our environment \u2013 handy when you are driving! Increasing wisdom and experience can also offset a number of the age-related deficits \u2013 leading to better decision-making.<\/p>\n<p>What\u2019s more, you don\u2019t have to passively accept any ageing-related changes. Until fairly recently, it was considered that once the brain had matured \u2013 by your mid-20s \u2013 that was it, all downhill from there. We now know this is not true. Mounting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6718573\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">research<\/a> suggests that, in certain brain structures, humans continue to grow new nerve cells throughout life. One of these, the hippocampus, is critical for encoding new memories, and is an early site of damage in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The ability to promote this growth, to exploit the brain\u2019s \u2018neuroplasticity\u2019 (ie, its sustained ability to adapt to the demands placed on it), presents an important and optimistic opportunity. It means that there are lifestyle changes you can adopt, which I\u2019ll outline shortly, that will help you maintain your general brain fitness and function, even as you grow older.<\/p>\n<p class=\"subheading\"><strong>The roots of dementia run deep<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Compared with normal ageing, dementia reflects a far more serious impairment of function. It gets worse with time and, as the disease underpinning it spreads throughout the brain, more cognitive skills will become affected. It is worth mentioning here that dementia is not a diagnosis itself; it is just a term we use to describe a set of symptoms and signs that signify a problem with cognition that is becoming progressively worse. Alzheimer\u2019s disease is the most well-known and frequent cause, but vascular disease (that of the heart and blood vessels) can also cause dementia; frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia are other common variants.<\/p>\n<p>One of the challenges with tackling dementia is that it is predominantly a condition that manifests in the elderly, yet its roots are very deep. In fact, we now know that one of the toxic proteins associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease can <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29150540\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">start<\/a> to appear in the brain decades before symptoms appear. Likewise, vascular problems, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol, can develop many years before the illness becomes evident.<\/p>\n<p>This highlights the importance \u2013 and, on a positive note, the opportunity \u2013 of addressing risk factors well before the symptoms of dementia become apparent. Bear in mind an important and under-recognised point \u2013 dementia might well be preventable, or at least delayable. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/article\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">report<\/a> in 2020 commissioned for the leading medical journal <em>The Lancet<\/em> concluded that up to <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">40 per<\/span> cent of cases of dementia worldwide could theoretically be avoided by addressing a number of modifiable risk factors throughout life.<\/p>\n<section class=\"styled__Container-sc-c0tvtb-0 ignfeO GUIDE\">\n<div class=\"styled__Container-sc-mut07i-1 esBgYE styled__ContentWrapper-sc-c0tvtb-1 kwlQCH\">\n<div>\n<p>This is easier said than done \u2013 as anyone who has tried to sustain good habits and abstain from bad habits over the long term knows, keeping motivated can be difficult. This is especially the case when there is often an immediate reward for the bad habit (eg, the sugar rush with eating sweetened foods). We are geared toward such rewards \u2013 they are steeped in our ancestral history when the threat was scarcity. The current threat in the modern Western world, however, is not scarcity, but <a href=\"https:\/\/aeon.co\/essays\/blaming-individuals-for-obesity-may-be-altogether-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">abundance<\/a>. Never before have we had such easy access to things that are harmful to our brain, chief among them: sugar, saturated fat, and salt. The combination of their ubiquity and our hard-wired desire for them is a real problem.<\/p>\n<p>Nonetheless, despite these challenges, the fact remains that there are things you can do to protect your brain from dementia. What\u2019s more, these activities also promise immediate rewards of their own \u2013 both in terms of improved cognitive function and better general wellbeing. In fact, to protect your brain health for the future and to optimise your brain function in the here and now, you should be addressing the same things, and in this Guide I will show you how.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"styled__Container-sc-c0tvtb-0 ignfeO GUIDE\">\n<div class=\"styled__Container-sc-dc8218-0 ebgZyf styled__GuideNav-sc-c0tvtb-3 dBUraM\">\n<div class=\"styled__PositionWrapper-sc-dc8218-2 dMDHNL\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"styled__Container-sc-mut07i-1 esBgYE styled__ContentWrapper-sc-c0tvtb-1 kwlQCH\">\n<h2 class=\"styled__Container-sc-1lsjxmc-0 dEeeUJ styled__SectionHeading-sc-c0tvtb-2 kFxNSP section-heading\" data-guide-section-number=\"2\"><span class=\"styled__Strong-sc-1lsjxmc-1 hPfBlH\">What to do <\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p>I propose five main categories of intervention you can follow to optimise your brain function, both immediately, and to help reduce your risk of developing dementia later in life.<\/p>\n<p class=\"subheading\"><strong>Nourish your brain<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The brain accounts for only <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">2 per<\/span> cent of your bodyweight yet uses <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">20 per<\/span> cent of its energy requirements. It is not surprising then that, if it is not receiving the right fuel, it will not operate well. Achieving this requires both the right nutrients being taken in and also an adequate transport system to get them to the brain.<\/p>\n<p>The latter relies on good vascular health, including the absence of <em>atherosclerosis<\/em>, a fatty deposition on the inside of blood vessels that narrows them. This is related to your cholesterol level as well as your blood pressure. Abnormal blood pressure also directly impacts upon the nutrient supply to the brain: too high, and you run the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6659031\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">risk<\/a> of strokes; too low and the flow could be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3338151\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">inadequate<\/a> to ferry nutrients to the brain in an efficient fashion. Crucially, a healthy diet can help ensure your blood pressure and cholesterol levels are in good shape.<\/p>\n<p>The most evidence-based diets for brain protection are the Mediterranean diet or its close cousin, the MIND diet \u2013 short for the Mediterranean-DASH intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay, where DASH itself is an acronym for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (<em>hypertension<\/em> being the medical term for high blood pressure). You can see why the acronyms were developed! A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4581900\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">study<\/a> looking at the benefits of the MIND diet showed that participants who followed it most rigidly had brains that were the equivalent of <em>seven<\/em> years younger (based on cognitive abilities) than those who did not follow it at all.<\/p>\n<p>Both the Mediterranean and MIND diets suggest foods to be included and foods to be excluded, or at least minimised:<\/p>\n<p>Foods to include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Green leafy vegetables and other preferably non-starchy vegetables<\/li>\n<li>Spices and herbs<\/li>\n<li>Legumes and beans<\/li>\n<li>Wholegrains<\/li>\n<li>Cold-water fish \u2013 salmon, tuna, sardines and the like<\/li>\n<li>Olive oil<\/li>\n<li>Poultry<\/li>\n<li>Nuts and seeds<\/li>\n<li>Berries<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Foods to be wary of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Processed and sugary foods<\/li>\n<li>Dairy and red meat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The basic idea with all these foods is to get a plentiful supply of antioxidants (compounds that have a protective <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7582347\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">effect<\/a> in the brain), fibre, unsaturated fats (including Omega-3 fatty acids), <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">B vitamins<\/span> and an adequate amount of complex carbohydrates.<\/p>\n<p>Earlier, I mentioned inflammation as a cause of poor brain health. Antioxidants in the foods above \u2013 especially the vegetables and spices \u2013 dampen inflammation by neutralising free radicals, which are molecules that are produced as part of everyday bodily functions, such as breathing, eating and physical activity. They are produced in excess in response to other things \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/118217\/emhj_1998_4_2_350_360.pdf?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">air pollution, smoking<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jci.org\/articles\/view\/5584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">alcohol<\/a> and processed foods, to name a few. If the inflammation reaches the brain, this sets the scene for cognitive problems, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25716012\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">including<\/a> dementia.<\/p>\n<p>Fibre seems to be of special benefit and is generally lacking in the traditional Western diet, owing to our overprocessing of food. Among other things, fibre causes changes in your gut bacteria \u2013 your microbiome \u2013 that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell-host-microbe\/fulltext\/S1931-3128(18)30266-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS193131281830266X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">might<\/a> be favourable. When the microbiome is not healthy, this again leads to inflammation, in part because the slimy protective layer lining the gut wall is broken down, meaning that inflammatory substances cross over into the tissues and circulation, and potentially adversely <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6326209\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">affect<\/a> the brain.<\/p>\n<p>The brain is <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">60 per<\/span> cent fat and so I do not generally recommend a low-fat diet for this reason. The right type of fat is critical for insulating the nerve cells so that messages can be transmitted efficiently. The problem with fat is our predilection to consume the wrong type \u2013 saturated fat, which is the type in full-fat dairy products and red meat. This type can increase vascular disease \u2013 not good for the brain \u2013 and excessive quantities can lead to obesity, which is yet another cause of inflammation. If possible, you should be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000510\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">preferencing<\/a> unsaturated fat \u2013 that\u2019s the variety found in olive oil and nuts, for instance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"subheading\"><strong>Train your brain<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2018Cognitive reserve\u2019 refers to the brain\u2019s capacity to function well despite physical damage caused by injury or illness, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The higher the reserve, the better off the brain will be. Various factors, such as higher levels of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6442015\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">education<\/a> and cognitively demanding <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5619462\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">careers<\/a>, are associated with having greater cognitive reserve, but you can also take proactive steps to train your brain and boost your cognitive reserve.<\/p>\n<p>To train your brain in an optimally effective way, certain conditions are necessary. Firstly, it is generally accepted that <em>novelty<\/em> <em>and diversity<\/em> are required \u2013 doing things your brain is not used to. Perennial crossword addicts might be better off doing sudokus, and vice versa. Learning a new language, dance style or musical instrument are also great examples of this. <em>Repeated practice<\/em> is also of particular benefit in helping improve a specific cognitive skill \u2013 this consolidates the neural circuitry underpinning the skill. Then there is the <em>complexity<\/em>. Harder cognitive tasks tax the brain more and will be of more benefit: this is akin to pumping iron in the gym \u2013 the real gains are made by pushing yourself<em>.<\/em> A final condition \u2013 <em>progression<\/em> of complexity \u2013 is related to this; essentially, it means continually ratcheting up the difficulty level of your learning or mental activity so that you are sufficiently challenged.<\/p>\n<p>I am often asked about brain-training apps such as Lumosity and BrainHQ. Although these can be enjoyable and addictive (which, on the plus side, encourages continued training), there is so far a <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27697851\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">lack<\/a> of robust evidence that the skills developed through these apps become generalised. That is, you will get better at the particular game you are playing, but this might not translate to other cognitive activities or domains of life. The ACTIVE <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3934012\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">study<\/a> published in 2013 suggested there might be some generalisability, but this went against the trend of other findings, and more research needs to be conducted. The addictive potential of these games and apps has its downsides too: I have seen a number of patients who had become fixated on bettering their scores on games, and spent hours each day practising at the expense of other important activities, such as socialising (more on that in a moment). These individuals often became stressed when they were not progressing, and this itself is not good for the brain. As with everything, it is a matter of balance.<\/p>\n<p>For memory-optimisation in particular, there are many tricks and <a href=\"https:\/\/psyche.co\/guides\/how-research-from-psychology-can-help-you-study-effectively\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">techniques<\/a> that can be employed. Clumping larger pieces of information into smaller ones can be helpful \u2013 we naturally do this when breaking up mobile numbers. Rhyming and using songs can help. Testing yourself on what you\u2019ve learnt is beneficial, and \u2018spaced repetition\u2019 (restudying material after a break of hours, days, weeks or more) is a powerful tool for remembering.<\/p>\n<p>There are more advanced techniques, as used by \u2018memory champions\u2019, that can also be incredibly powerful for memory. The two most well-known are the Peg Method and the Memory Palace (or Method of Loci). Both <a href=\"https:\/\/aeon.co\/ideas\/this-ancient-mnemonic-technique-builds-a-palace-of-memory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">involve<\/a> \u2018attaching\u2019 whatever it is you want to learn to an already familiar image (the peg) in your mind. Our visual memory is particularly robust, and these methods capitalise on this fact.<\/p>\n<p>The more unusual the entwined image, the more it is likely to be remembered, so creativity is key. As an example, using the Peg Method, your first four pegs might be a gun, a shoe, a tree and a door (these rhyme with numbers one, two, three and four, helping you to remember them, and in order). Now let\u2019s say you are trying to remember four items to get while shopping \u2013 fish, bread, yoghurt, and rice. You would then entwine the fish with the gun (creatively, a picture of a huge fish with an Uzi telling you to put your hands up: the humour of the image helps you remember); the bread with the shoe (imagine the squishiness of having a sliced loaf tied to your feet as you walk \u2013 make it multisensory); and so on.<\/p>\n<p>The Method of Loci is similar but also uses places (the loci) to help. These places will ideally be highly familiar \u2013 your house, for instance. If you had a list of 10 things to remember, you could imagine walking through your house and \u2018attaching\u2019 the items on the list to various places in it (in this way, the locations are similar to pegs). Mentally re-walking through the house then brings back the entwined images \u2013 and hence whatever you want to remember \u2013 with remarkable accuracy.<\/p>\n<p>Through using memory techniques such as these, you win twice over \u2013 you might compensate for any deleterious effects of ageing on your memory and, through being mentally active, you will keep your brain sharp and build your cognitive reserve.<\/p>\n<p class=\"subheading\"><strong>Care for your mental health (and connect with others)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Use of the terms \u2018brain health\u2019 and \u2018mental health\u2019 makes it sound like these are two separate things, but in reality they are deeply intertwined. Two of the most common mental health problems \u2013 depression and anxiety \u2013 can both have harmful effects on the brain, alongside their more obvious effects on mood and emotion. If you have experienced these debilitating conditions, you will appreciate the short-term effects \u2013 slowed thinking, memory and concentration difficulties, brain fog and the like. In extreme cases, they can be severe enough to <a href=\"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/dad2.12027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mimic<\/a> dementia.<\/p>\n<p>Longer-term, there is an equally problematic outcome that arises when chronic mental health problems are left untreated, and much of this is probably driven by inflammation. There is clearly a \u2018dose effect\u2019 \u2013 the longer and more severe the episode of depression, for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3327554\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">instance<\/a>, the worse the ramification for your cognitive health \u2013 and studies have shown that these mental health problems can alter the structure of the brain. The hippocampus, the brain structure that I mentioned earlier as being critical for memory and that gets damaged in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC39458\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">shrunken<\/a> by protracted episodes of depression. There is good news, however \u2013 treating depression with medications has been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2017.00142\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">shown<\/a> to improve hippocampal growth and health.<\/p>\n<p>The intimate relationship between mental health and cognitive\/brain health is yet another reason to take mental health extremely seriously. Lifestyle interventions are a critical component of maintaining mental wellness, so prioritise your sleep, exercise regularly, and eat healthily. If you do find difficulties with your mood, relationships or outlook becoming a significant and lasting problem, don\u2019t bury your head in the sand. Speak with a trusted friend or family member about how you\u2019re feeling, and please don\u2019t be afraid to discuss you concerns with a health professional \u2013 whether it be your GP, a counsellor, psychologist or psychiatrist. There are effective treatments available, both psychological and pharmacological, and not only can they help to address your immediate problems, but they can also help protect your brain health longer term.<\/p>\n<p>One of the key influencers of mental health is our degree of social connection, and if this is lacking, especially when it results in a feeling of loneliness, then the brain suffers, and the risk of dementia is raised. Again, this could be in part mediated by inflammation \u2013 both social isolation and loneliness have been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7939973\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">shown<\/a> to increase the levels of inflammatory markers in the blood. Feelings of loneliness can result in a host of other problems \u2013 mental illness and physical health problems alike \u2013 and these can also have a negative <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/2014-37731-001.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">effect<\/a> on the brain. For these reasons, some experts have even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indianjpsychiatry.org\/article.asp?issn=0019-5545;year=2013;volume=55;issue=4;spage=320;epage=322;aulast=Tiwari\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">likened<\/a> loneliness to a \u2018disease\u2019 that alters the brain\u2019s structure and function.<\/p>\n<p>Conversely, socialising in effect trains the brain and builds cognitive reserve. The to and fro of conversation requires considerable brain power \u2013 you have to pay attention to what is being said, keep it in mind, formulate a response, and exercise good social judgment. All these skills are worth honing. Consider the findings from a decades-long British <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosmedicine\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002862\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">study<\/a> involving thousands of government employees \u2013 those who were more socially active with friends during their 30s, 40s and 50s had superior cognitive performance at the end of the study and, moreover, those who were more socially active in their 60s were at less risk of dementia later on.<\/p>\n<p>It is therefore important to stay connected: reach out to friends and family \u2013 online or by phone if you can\u2019t meet. Look at what community groups you might investigate. Join a book club or walking group. Websites such as Meetup are useful for finding out what is going on around you. Even going for a stroll in your neighbourhood \u2013 with your dog, if you have one \u2013 can be a good opportunity for social contact.<\/p>\n<p class=\"subheading\"><strong>Train your body<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Just as mental health and brain health are deeply entwined, so too are your overall physical health and your brain health. Indeed, there is good evidence that improving general physical fitness improves brain health. One reason is obvious \u2013 better fitness equates to better vascular health, which then improves the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain. Exercise helps our grey matter in other ways, however. Over the long term, it is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3629815\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">associated<\/a> with reduced inflammation, and can offset some of the damage wrought by eating sugary or fat-laden foods. It also helps with weight management, sleep and mental health, with consequent benefits to brain health.<\/p>\n<p>Another protective role comes from the production of a substance <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00052\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">called<\/a> brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This molecule is extremely helpful for promoting brain growth and health, and its levels are increased by working out. BDNF is often referred to as \u2018miracle gro\u2019 for the brain.<\/p>\n<p>Experts are working on physical activity guidelines specifically for the brain, but for the moment we go by the general <a href=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-09\/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf#page=56\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">guidelines<\/a> for physical health. These suggest doing at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, or 75 mins of vigorous exercise. Moderate means at a level where you can talk but not sing! Cycling, running, brisk walking and swimming are all good examples. It is also suggested that you incorporate resistance training into your regime \u2013 using external weights or your own bodyweight \u2013 at least twice a week.<\/p>\n<p>Research also <a href=\"https:\/\/lipidworld.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12944-019-0981-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">supports<\/a> the notion that high-intensity exercise can be especially beneficial for your heart and so likely your brain. HIIT training (high-intensity interval training) \u2013 where you are training near the limits of your cardiovascular capacity for a sustained period \u2013 is a classic example of this, though you could also consider simply incorporating sprints into your run or steep hills into your walk.<\/p>\n<p>Obesity also needs to be discussed in the context of training the body. Obesity increases the risk of vascular disease, which then increases the chance of developing dementia. It is also an inflammatory condition, which is not favourable to the brain. Not all fat is created equal, however. Abdominal fat, which in excess leads to central obesity, <a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/3\/1\/e001915\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">seems<\/a> especially malignant. It is a proxy of the fat around our internal organs, and this is especially problematic. Managing weight and watching your waist (following the diet and exercise tips I\u2019ve outlined in this Guide) is therefore an important part of managing brain health.<\/p>\n<p class=\"subheading\"><strong>Protect your brain<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The aforementioned exercises and lifestyle choices will help to promote your brain health, but these steps will be to some extent in vain if you are unfortunate enough to suffer a brain injury. In my work, I have seen a number of patients with head injuries, often received in accidents or sometimes assaults. The cognitive consequences of these can be catastrophic. Of course, it is not possible to cocoon ourselves in cotton wool every moment of every day, but there are sensible steps you can take to reduce the risk of sustaining a head injury as you go about your everyday life.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019m talking here partly about contact sports, including <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaneurology\/fullarticle\/2782750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">football<\/a> (soccer!), American <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4371403\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">football<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/374\/bmj.n2161.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rugby<\/a> (in addition to <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article\/24\/1\/11\/3268\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">boxing<\/a>, of course). Studies have shown higher rates of cognitive deficits in those who have played these sports professionally. There is also <a href=\"https:\/\/gbirg.inp.gla.ac.uk\/the-field-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">evidence<\/a> of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a sign of physical damage in the brain, at above-average rates in retired sports stars \u2013 whether it be in rugby, soccer or football.<\/p>\n<p>CTE seems to be the consequence of a build-up of tau, one of the proteins implicated in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and carries with it a higher risk of dementia. I personally recall working in a memory clinic in north Wales and seeing a disproportionate number of elderly men with dementia who had regularly played football throughout their earlier lives. They played with a heavier ball which no doubt, being Wales, was often sodden. The weight of this ball would have been several kilos, and these men would have headed it thousands of times. It seems very likely to me that there was a causal link. Recently, research from Glasgow has shown that your position on the football field influences your risk of dementia, and this in all probability relates to how much you head the ball. You are safe as a goalie; being a defender, however, carries the greatest risk.<\/p>\n<p>Although I would certainly not want to see an end to these sports, I would recommend, from a brain health perspective, avoiding participating in ones where there is a high risk of head injury. If you insist, then wearing protective headgear is crucial and there should be clear local guidance around managing concussion sustained during play. Although many would disagree, I am also not convinced that heading the ball in soccer is a critical part of the game, and would advise against it, especially high-impact heading.<\/p>\n<p>Sleep is another key ingredient in brain protection. I already mentioned it as part of a healthy lifestyle in the context of mental health, but it also deserves to be considered as in important factor in its own right. Sleep helps clear the brain of compounds that would otherwise damage the brain, and hence it is protective. Chronic insomnia is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-22354-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">associated<\/a> with an increased risk of dementia, as well as acutely impairing cognitive ability. Being a lifelong poor sleeper myself, I do take some solace in the fact that chronically poor sleep will not inevitably cause dementia, but there is a link.<\/p>\n<p>The protective clearance mechanism of sleep is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4694579\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mediated<\/a> through the glymphatic system, a recently discovered series of vessels that run alongside the blood vessels in your brain. When you are asleep \u2013 especially in the deepest stages \u2013 the glymphatics are especially active and serve as a \u2018brain-wash\u2019, their fluids flowing through the brain tissue and flushing away proteins such as amyloid and tau. Prioritising your sleep is therefore critical for maintaining your long-term brain health. Of course, it won\u2019t help if you become overly anxious about getting enough sleep, but the research suggests that we should treat sleep not as an inconvenience that interferes with our busy lives but as an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Try to establish a predictable bedtime routine that helps you relax and unwind; avoiding caffeine or too much alcohol will also help your sleep. These are all part of good \u2018sleep hygiene\u2019, and if you are a poor sleeper it would be worth researching this term in more detail.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"styled__Container-sc-mut07i-1 esBgYE styled__ContentWrapper-sc-c0tvtb-1 kwlQCH\">\n<h2 class=\"styled__Container-sc-1lsjxmc-0 dEeeUJ styled__SectionHeading-sc-c0tvtb-2 kFxNSP section-heading\" data-guide-section-number=\"3\"><span class=\"styled__Strong-sc-1lsjxmc-1 hPfBlH\">Key points \u2013 How to maintain a healthy brain<\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p>1. <strong>Ageing changes the brain, but it\u2019s not all bad news.<\/strong> It used to be thought that it was all downhill once you reached your 20s, but it\u2019s now recognised that the brain can continue to grow and adapt into old age.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>The roots of dementia run deep.<\/strong> Although dementia usually manifests in the elderly, relevant contributing risk factors and biological processes begin to exert an influence much earlier \u2013 offering an optimistic opportunity to intervene.<\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>Nourish your brain.<\/strong> A healthy diet can help ensure your blood pressure and cholesterol levels are in good shape, which will allow vital nutrients to reach your brain. It also might help dampen inflammation, another risk factor for poor brain health.<\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>Train your brain.<\/strong> Completing challenging mental activities will build your \u2018cognitive reserve\u2019, which could offer you protection from dementia and cognitive decline.<\/p>\n<p>5. <strong>Care for your mental health (and connect with others).<\/strong> Brain health and mental health are deeply intertwined \u2013 socialising is one of the most effective ways to protect both.<\/p>\n<p>6. <strong>Train your body.<\/strong> Your brain health is also dependent on your overall physical fitness, so aim to exercise regularly.<\/p>\n<p>7. <strong>Protect your brain.<\/strong> Blows to the head from injury or even from playing sport can harm your brain and increase your risk of developing dementia, so take care of your grey and white matter.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"styled__Container-sc-mut07i-1 esBgYE styled__ContentWrapper-sc-c0tvtb-1 kwlQCH\">\n<h2 class=\"styled__Container-sc-1lsjxmc-0 dEeeUJ styled__SectionHeading-sc-c0tvtb-2 kFxNSP section-heading\" data-guide-section-number=\"4\"><span class=\"styled__Strong-sc-1lsjxmc-1 hPfBlH\">Learn more <\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p class=\"subheading\"><strong>Navigating diet and supplement controversies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You might have heard of the ketogenic or \u2018Keto\u2019 diet, whose proponents (including many celebrities) argue, contrary to my earlier advice, that saturated fat is exactly what we should be eating, at the expense of carbohydrates. So, what to make of this? Well, the weight of the evidence still currently suggests you should include healthy carbs in your diet \u2013 wholegrains, legumes, vegetables \u2013 and this is my general comment to those asking me about this dietary approach, though I am watching the space carefully.<\/p>\n<p>A main gripe among advocates of the Keto diet is our over-reliance on glucose (sugar) as an energy source, and to a point I agree with them. There\u2019s no doubt that too much sugar is a <a href=\"https:\/\/aeon.co\/essays\/sugar-is-a-toxic-agent-that-creates-conditions-for-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">problem<\/a>. To put things in perspective, <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">200 years<\/span> ago, the average American consumed <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">2 lbs<\/span> of the sweet stuff <em>per year<\/em> according to some estimates. Now, we consume <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">3 lbs<\/span> <em>per week<\/em>! This is largely due to the huge amount of \u2018added sugars\u2019 in many people\u2019s diets, such as those found in cakes, candy and in processed foods such as breakfast cereals and table condiments. Some experts <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2769828\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">refer<\/a> to Alzheimer\u2019s disease as <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">\u2018type 3<\/span> diabetes\u2019 highlighting the putative link between chronically high blood sugar and dementia. There is also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41583-019-0132-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">evidence<\/a> that, once you have dementia, your brain doesn\u2019t use glucose very well and would be better off relying on ketones, an alternative source of energy derived from fats. Overall, there is no doubt in my mind that our global overconsumption of sugar is killing us, and en route, destroying our brain cells.<\/p>\n<p>You might want to start by aiming for one sugar-free day per week and reward yourself when you have done it (just don\u2019t make the reward unhealthy!). Celebrating the achievement, however small it might seem, is important \u2013 it cements the habit. You could then move to having two sugar-free days a few weeks later, and so on.<\/p>\n<p>Vitamin supplements are another source of controversy in the brain health industry. The global vitamin, mineral and supplement industry was worth <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">$48 billion<\/span> in 2019: there are a lot of people with vested interests in you taking pills to help your brain and body. However, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011906.pub2\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">evidence<\/a> that these help the brain of an otherwise healthy person who eats well and is not clinically deficient is not compelling, and there is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5241405\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">risk<\/a> of doing more harm than good. When you receive these vitamins and minerals in your food, they are often packaged with complementary and synergistic compounds that you simply don\u2019t get in a pill. There is even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3920909\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">concern<\/a> that <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17025373\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">certain<\/a> antioxidants when given as a supplement might go from being anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory, and this is not a good thing for the brain.<\/p>\n<p>The bottom line is I would always advise food over pills, unless recommended otherwise by your doctor. If you really are wedded to the idea of taking some kind of supplement, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5964053\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">curcumin<\/a> (a form of ginger) might be one of the better choices for your brain, and the research also suggests the use of the herbs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3746283\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">brahmi<\/a> (<em>Bacopa monnieri<\/em>) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5138224\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ginkgo biloba<\/a> might be of some benefit \u2013 just don\u2019t rely on them and always be mindful of their potential side-effects.<\/p>\n<p class=\"subheading\"><strong>Understanding genetic risk<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I hope I have already convinced you that you are not doomed when it comes to brain health. If you can follow the strategies outlined in this Guide, you can significantly reduce the risk of your general brain function declining. It is better to do this as early in life as possible, but, even if you\u2019re in your autumn years, there are likely to be some benefits.<\/p>\n<p>I have focused so far on modifiable risk factors, but there are some risk factors for dementia that are not changeable and one of the most important is your genes. When I diagnose a patient with a form of dementia, it is common for their adult children to ask me about the chances they too will get it.<\/p>\n<p>The most significant genetic risk comes when you have one or more first-degree relatives with early onset dementia \u2013 that is when dementia is diagnosed before the age of 65. Some of these cases are related to specific gene mutations <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">(presenilin 1,<\/span> <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">presenilin 2<\/span> and amyloid precursor protein). If one of your parents carries this mutation (and the other doesn\u2019t), you have a <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">50 per<\/span> cent chance of inheriting the gene yourself, and, if you have, you will be at considerably higher risk of developing dementia. Even if you are unfortunate enough to have this genetic vulnerability, however, it makes sense to focus on what you <em>can<\/em> influence, and I would still recommend all the above measures aimed at reducing modifiable risk factors.<\/p>\n<p>Fortunately, genetic mutations causing early onset dementia are rare. For people with dementia that occurs later in life (ie, after the age of 65, which accounts for <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">95 per<\/span> cent of cases of dementia), genetics in general play much less of a role \u2013 perhaps no greater than other lifestyle choices that you make. The main gene responsible for this is the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and if you have a certain variant (known as APOE4), your risk of dementia will be increased.<\/p>\n<p>What APOE does exactly remains a mystery but it has been implicated in <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29967007\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">glucose<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11408727\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fat<\/a> metabolism and this might be relevant. It also seems to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00754\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">influence<\/a> our inflammatory response, which might be protective in the short term, but might then contribute to the increased risk of dementia later in life. Harking back to our ancestral days once more, most humans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4066890\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">likely<\/a> had the \u2018risky\u2019 APOE4 variant because, on balance, it was protective. The world was a lot more septic when our ancestors roamed the plains \u2013 the chance of infection was greatly elevated, and of course there were no antibiotics. Therefore, the robust inflammatory response conferred by the APOE4 gene would have meant a greater chance of survival. At the same time, given our ancestors\u2019 short life expectancy, the long-term cost, in terms of risk of dementia, would have been far less of an issue than it is today.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"styled__Container-sc-mut07i-1 esBgYE styled__ContentWrapper-sc-c0tvtb-1 kwlQCH\">\n<h2 class=\"styled__Container-sc-1lsjxmc-0 dEeeUJ styled__SectionHeading-sc-c0tvtb-2 kFxNSP section-heading\" data-guide-section-number=\"5\"><span class=\"styled__Strong-sc-1lsjxmc-1 hPfBlH\">Links &amp; books <\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p><em>Mind Your Brain: The Essential Australian Guide to Dementia<\/em> (2021) is my own up-to-date and accessible <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uqp.com.au\/books\/mind-your-brain-the-essential-australian-guide-to-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">book<\/a> on how to maintain a healthy brain and manage the challenges that dementia presents. The vast majority of the information will be relevant wherever you reside in the world.<\/p>\n<p>Your Brain In Mind is an evolving <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yourbraininmind.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">website<\/a> I created to help individuals look after their brain. It includes a link to my soon-to-be released iPhone app for brain optimisation.<\/p>\n<p>The Peter Attia Drive Podcast is a fascinating <a href=\"https:\/\/peterattiamd.com\/podcast\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">series<\/a> that focuses on \u2018maximising longevity\u2019, hosted by a Canadian physician who frequently discusses dementia and brain health with his expert guests.<\/p>\n<p>The Queensland Brain Institute in Australia offers many useful resources about the brain, including a dedicated <a href=\"https:\/\/qbi.uq.edu.au\/dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">magazine<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/qbi.uq.edu.au\/podcast-cutting-edge-dementia-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">podcast<\/a>, both of which have covered dementia.<\/p>\n<p>The Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing in Australia also offers an information-packed <a href=\"https:\/\/cheba.unsw.edu.au\/cheba-resources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">website<\/a>, including blogs and educational leaflets, plus one on nutrition and brain health.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguin.co.uk\/books\/111\/1119284\/supercharge-your-brain\/9781787633186.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">book<\/a> <em>Supercharge Your Brain<\/em> (2021) by James Goodwin, the chief scientist at <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">Age UK,<\/span> is a well-written and engaging account of the evidence behind brain health and how to optimise it.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.normandoidge.com\/?page_id=1259\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">book<\/a> <em>The Brain That Changes Itself<\/em> (2007) by Norman Doidge is a seminal work on neuroplasticity and how the brain can adapt and heal, despite significant damage.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyhabits.com\/book\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">book<\/a> <em>Tiny Habits<\/em> (2019) by <span class=\"ld-nowrap\">B J Fogg<\/span> is a very helpful and practical guide to the most powerful intervention we have \u2013 good habits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"styled__Container-sc-g91s8a-0 ejSdMN\">\n<h3 class=\"styled__Title-sc-g91s8a-1 fsOYTh\">Disclaimer<\/h3>\n<div>\n<p>We work hard to bring you the most trustworthy, expert and up-to-date information on psychology and mental health in our Guides. You can learn more about how we ensure that they are a reliable source of information <a href=\"https:\/\/psyche.co\/are-psyche-guides-reliable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>. This Guide is provided as general information only. It is not a substitute for independent, professional medical or health advice tailored to your specific circumstances. If you are struggling with psychological difficulties, we encourage you to seek help from a professional source.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p>Source: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/psyche.co\/guides\/how-to-maintain-a-healthy-brain-to-reduce-the-risk-of-dementia?utm_source=pocket&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=pockethits\">How to maintain a healthy brain | Psyche Guides<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Adopt these lifestyle changes and you will not only sharpen your mind today but also reduce your risk of dementia later on by Kailas Roberts Photo by Peter Kovalev\/Tass\/Getty Kailas Roberts is a psychiatrist and&hellip;<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"excerpt-readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/?p=2279\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-health","odd"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2279"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2287,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2279\/revisions\/2287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2279"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sudlatnid.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}